Animal Research
Should There Be Stricter Law?

Have you ever thought about animal research? If so do you u feel about people who experiment on animals? Animal research has become a controversial problem, and it is attracting much attention all over the world.http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/

Dated back the third and fourth centuries BC, Aristotle (384-322BC) and Erasistrautus (304-258BC) who are Greek animal experts begin to perform experiments on living animals (History of animal testing, n.d). In the 17^th century, scientists in the laboratory had already started using animals to study human diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. At the same time, the first anticruelty law appeared in 1641, which was included in the code of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the United States (Animal rights, n.d)

Today, with the rapid speed of scientific development, animal research has attracted people’s attention. Animals enrich people’s daily life, but also use them in great numbers for scientific or educational purposes. “Three animals die in labs every second of every day in the United States alone. In the time it takes to read this brochure, another 3,600 animals will be killed in laboratories and classrooms” (Animal rights, n.d). People who experiment on animals examine their external features and interior structure so they can learn about human disease. In the United States, it is estimated that 25 million mammals are used annually in research (Rose, 2004). Baird & Rosenbaum who are professors and chairmen in the department of philosophy at Baylor university found that in laboratories in the United States range from 10 million to 17 million animals are killed every year: 200,000 dogs, 50,000 cats, 60,000 primates, 1.5 million guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits, 200,000 wild animals, thousand of farm animals and birds, and millions of rats and mice are killed (1991).http://www.peta2.com/takecharge/t-history.asp

As shown above, millions of animals are suffering fear and physical pain, so it is necessary for the government to establish stricter laws to govern and control animal research. Animal research should be allowed, but it must be regulated because it endangers certain species, poses real risks to humans and delays some important medical advances.

Some people may think that it’s necessary for research workers to study disease in animals in order to find cures for human disease. According to Pothier a professional writer residing in Philadelphia, was the recipient of a heart transplant. That experience convinced him that the use of animal organs for transplantation offers additional hope to ill humans so animal research must continue (1993, p. 200). Merline who is a professional researcher from the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine stated that many of us are here because we did not die as children, or our parents did not die, from diseases that have been controlled through knowledge gained from animal research (as cited in Bender, 1991, p. 202).

In addition, experiments on animals help the development of genetic research. According to Murphy, education officer for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in England, genetic engineering is here to stay and it can make many positive contributions to humanity, so people should utilize this new technique to the benefit of both humans and other animals (as cited in Bender, 1991, p. 238). In other words, genetic research on animals will benefit humanity.

Yes, there definitely is some merit in these points. However, opponents of animal research cite studies showing that animal research isn’t helpful in finding a cure for many of the most serious human diseases. For instance, it can’t heal people who have lung cancer. By 1963 pro-spective and retrospective studies of human patients had already shown a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. In contrast, almost all experimental efforts to produce lung cancer in animals had failed. While thousands of people died of lung cancer. By the early 1940s, human clinical investigation strongly indicated that asbestos causes cancer. However, animal studies repeatedly failed to demonstrate this, and proper workplace precautions were not instituted in the U.S until decades later (Anderegg, et al. 2006). In addition, recently scientists are doing research on chimpanzees which they think chimpanzees can help them to find effective methods of curing AIDS. Although chimpanzees share almost 99 percent of their DNA with humans, these animals often do not contract disease in the same way as humans. For example, chimpanzees do not develop AIDS as humans (Chimpanzees Star in 25^th Anniversary of “Nature”, 2006). According to Elshtain, the Centennial Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, states that chimpanzees do not lead to significant improvement of ALDS research. Americans have been trying since 1984 to infect chimpanzees with AIDS, but after the expenditure of millions of dollars, it ends of the failure (as cited in Bender, 1991, p. 204).

Likewise, genetic research on animals might benefit humanity but also has disadvantages. For instance, it brings humans and animals to pain and suffering. With the growing interests in the genetic engineering, people use animals to do genetic research for human purposes. Genetic engineering application is the creation of animals dubbed “animal bioreactors” by the biotech industry, which uses them to produce pharmaceuticals and other proteins of interest (HSUS Position Statement: Genetic Engineering of Animals, n.d). According to Grunewald, an animal rights and environmental activist, stated that the genetic engineering of animals will almost certainly endanger species and reduce biological diversity. Researchers have been straining at the bit to design and patent new animals ‘models’ of human disease-living, breathing ‘tools’ (as cited in Bender, 1991, p. 243). So genetic engineering is harmful to humans and animals.

Animal research should be governed by stricter laws, for three main reasons. First, animal research may endanger certain species. With the rapid development of human society, animal research is more and more common. Many different kinds of institutions or schools use animals to do experiments and projects. One example can be seen in China, my home country. When I was in high school, we often did experiments on animals, especially frogs. Our biology teacher wanted us to understand conditioned reflex of frogs, so we dissected many of them. However,

this experiment was cancelled when it was found that there were not enough frogs in the river to eat the insects, so pests ate up many crops. People know that frogs are good controllers of insects and they help farmers to control these pests. Later, farmers suggested that the local government establish stricter laws so that it could ensure their earnings. From this example one can see how important it is to establish stricter laws for animal research to protect damage to one particular species of animal.

Second, animal research is not reliable and may provide misleading results and cause people to die. Because of misleading the animal model of polio, about 16 laboratory workers have been killed by the Marburg virus and other monkey viruses, and two outbreaks of Ebola have occurred in American monkey colonies (Anderegg, et al. 2006). Why does animal research pose risks to humans? Because animal health conditions are different from human health conditions, animal research sometimes misleads scientists. The animal model of polio, for example, resulted in a misunderstanding of the mechanism of infection. Studies on monkeys falsely indicated that the polio virus was transmitted via a respiratory, rather than a digestive route. Polio vaccines grown on monkey cells exposed millions of Americans to the simian virus 40, which causes human cells to undergo malignant transformation in vitro and has been found in several human cancers (Anderegg, et al. 2006). According to Clifton Leaf, a cancer survivor himself, “if you want to understand where the war on cancer has gone wrong, the mouse is a pretty good place to start” (as cited in Anderegg, et al. 2006, p. 4).

Third, many important medical advances and preventive measures have been delayed because of misunderstanding information derived from animal research. Clarence Little, a leading cancer animal experimenter, wrote about the failure of many investigations to induce experimental cancers. He said that except in a handful of cases, during fifty years of trying, the failure of many investigations to induce experimental cancers. He said that except in a handful of cases, during fifty years of trying, the failure of many investigations casts serious doubt on the validity of cigarette-lung cancer theory (as cited in Anderegg, et al. 2006, p. 1). As a result, health warnings for cigarettes were delayed for years which deterred medical research from advancing. In fact, animal research is not always the best method to use. There are a few methods not only can achieve scientists goal, but also minimizes animals suffering. In science, human population studies are much better than artificial animal model conditions, because animal model conditions generally are different from human conditions. By studying epidemiology, prevention techniques for smoking, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure could be easily found. According to medical knowledge, closely observing human patients is always a direct study of human disease. Scientists or doctors can monitor patients by observing their habits and behaviors. For instance, low-fat vegetarian diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation will decrease heart disease (Anderegg, et al. 2006). By doing this, people will save thousands of lives. With awareness of ethical concerns about animal research, animal laboratories are not necessary for teaching biology and medical principles and skills to medical students and 85% of U.S. and Canadian medical schools have eliminated animal labs from their educational curricula (Alternatives to animal labs in medical schools, 2005). In order to protect both animals from suffering at the hands of humans, long time ago people already realized that there should be stricter laws to govern animal research. In 1866, the United States set up an animal welfare society. This action was to insure that society should protect animals and prevent cruelty to them. Today, the United Sates has many animal welfare societies spread among different states. Animal welfare societies protest against brutal or crucial methods of hunting animals and also protest against people who use animals in medical research, scientific research or entertainment (Animal rights, 2006). Furthermore, Australia established a law in 2004 which is called “Australia Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purpose.” Also, American public health care service, which includes the NIH, has revised its ‘Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,’ and new legislation has given legal force to much of this policy (as cited in Biaird & Rosenbaum, 1991, p. 43).

To conclude, the government should use laws to govern animal research not only can protect animals themselves, but it also to protect the development of human civilization. Experiments on animals can serve a useful purpose, but there should be stricter laws to govern it. Many scientific procedures may appear positive at the outset, but when there weak standing of control, the procedures may harm society. Animals play an important role in our daily life and they have their own right to live. In fact, animal research is not the only way or even the most useful way to find cures for human disease. As mentioned before, human population studies are often more effective. Even though animals can’t speak, they are still a part of own human social group. People should be able to observe and study animal behaviors and habits. It’s essential for the government to legislate stricter laws to control animal research.

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This week I feel sooooo depressed, because I begin to miss my parents....I love them and they love me.....I want myself be happy so I wrote Cannon beach which could make me happy!

Haha...have you ever been to Cannon beach? I went to therewith friends in September, but I remebered well. It was so cold...but I liked it soooo much!!
(I suggest you do not go there in winter but it's really a nice place. ) I chose to go Cannon beach because my roomates often mentioned this place. When they asked me "do you want to go beach with us?" "why not" I answered happily. This is not only a good chance for me to have a better understanding of my roomates, but also it can improve my English. We spent two hours driving to go the beach. It is a really a long journey. When I got there, I realized it was worth at driving two hours. The blue sky, the white clouds, the wide ocean and the golden beach made me relaxed. I enjoyed the sunshine and I liked breathing the fresh air. Of course, I took many pictures of the beatiful scenery with my friends. Cannon beach made me so happy because this is a good place which far away from school. Many different stores are around the beach. Candy store is a good place to go, because you can choose many different kinds of candies you like. The most interesting thing was that I bargained the price with the vendor for a sweater, and I succeed. After looking around the stores, we sat in the coffee shop to talk. We talked about everything . I like Cannon beach. Actually there's no beach in my city, because my city is in the middle of China. ......This is a good chance for me to have a better understanding of Portland ~

http://www.favoritepoem.org/thevideos/rsamuel.html
The poem wrote by Frank O'Hara tells people that sometimes we should slow down our steps.To acknowledge that life is fast paced, something big can make you slow down and let you consider what is most important ting in your life.
From "there is no snow in Hollywood" I think Lana Tuener maybe is a popular actress."Lana Tuener has collapsed" that means she passed out."I was trotting along and suddenly it started raining and snowing and you said it was hailing but hailing hits you on the head hard," people are always in a rush,when a big thing happened they will suddenly recognized. So in this poem the poet realized that Lana Tuener has collapsed. "I have been to lots of parties and acted perfectly disgraceful" the poet compared his own life with Lana Thener, but the different thing is that he never collapsed. So at the end of this poem, the poet wanted Lana Thener to keep going and never give up!

If you are in Pioneer Square and you want to go Saturday Market,just across the bridge then turn left, you will get. Last week I went to Saturday Market with my roommates and it was so nice. There are many visual arts, wood crafts and jewelry in Saturday Market. A lot of people crowded round different sections to look and bargain with vendors about the price. Because I had no idea what I should buy, I checked every section in order to find something I like. There are traditional handcrafts sold there and the local handcrafted goods all are made by vendors themselves. Saturday Market is really a nice place to go because it sells a wide variety of goods like, home funishings, clothing and accessories. The most exciting thing is that there are many different kinds of food sold there. I couldn't wait for the lunch time so I ordered a halibut steak to eat. It's awesome. Beirut cafe which is the Middle eastern cuisine seems so popular because many people stand in a queue. Of course cloud cap, espresso, tea, baked goods and smoothies are lao popular. I like Jaliso's Natural foods which is made of strawberry, mango, peach, pear and ice cream. Saturday Market also provides free Kid Activities with kids so they can play by themselves when their parents went shopping. I like this place because I think Saturday Market is a good place to reflect American people's lifestyle.
http://www.saturdaymarket.org/

Hi Michael,
I want to tell you the ending of yesterday's movie. Actually when I first saw it I think maybe that guy will be eaten by the big shark because people always think sharks are bad guys. I'm a happy person I don't want to see tragic movies so I think the ending is like this.
"Hey little buddy! do you need a hand?" the shark said happily.
"Oh...no......oh Jesus christ!!" that guy screamed
"Shut up! I won't hurt you! hey hey shut up! listen, I won't hurt you I just want to help you to move more quickly ok?"
"Ok........"
"My name is James, I'm a "tongue scrubber" in this ocean.hahaha......just to clear the trash."
Because of the shark's nice smile that guy feels comfortable so they make firends with each other at last. Sometimes James will bring many fishes to "visit" that guy and sometimes that guy will come to ocean to see James.....haha.........this is my ending so nice uhn?

Time flies so quickly, this week will finish soon........I finished my schedual for next semester and I want to say thanks to my advisor Michael(haha...he helps me a lot) Yeap,tomorrow is a new day, a lot of things are waitting for me to solve. Today I got my airplane ticket, because I will turn back China juring this winter break and it makes me so happy! Do you know Spring Festival? this is a Chinese traditional festival.http://news.tom.com/hot/2004year/the most interesting is that I can receive so much money, so this is called"gift money" In the old days, New Year's money was given in the form of one hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope that one would live to be a hundred years old. Today, money is palced inside red envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck and wealth. You can do Spring Festivcal shopping during these days which is the special purchases for the Spring Festival. In the evening there is a big performance in the street which is "dragon dance," it means to expect good weather and good harvests. Of course there are many delicious food on the table.haha... I want to eat now!! Hey guys! do you want to join the Spring Festival? welcome to China.

Hello, everyone! I'm an open minded girl who comes from China. My Chinese name is Danni Li and my English name is Cecilia, but it seems like my Chinese name more popular than my English name. In Lewis Clark college only my roommates call me Cecilia, so sometimes my friends feel so confused.haha... I like reading history books, talking, and making different kinds of friends. I like communicating with different people, because I can learn many things. Whenever you meet me I always have a nice smile, because I think people live in this world should be happy.

Why I chose Lewis Clark? Because I like Portland Oregon. On August 2004, I went to Portland as an exchange student, and everything in Portland has given me an impressive impression. I love my American host family and I miss them, so when I turned back China I starting to prepare TOEFL test. Actually this was a long journey.When I knew Lewis Clark admitted me I can't wait for August. Time flies so quickly, now it's already October and next month is my birthday. During this few months I have learned many things. In China, my parents help me do all the things, because I'm the only Child at home.haha.......But now everythinng has changed, I should do all the things on my own. Here I have learned how to develop my interpersonal skill, that is to talk to people. I enjoy the life in L&C and I hope everyone can be happy. Now I'm doing all my best to be a excellent student and I'm working on it....haha.....^.*

Thanks God for all the blessings he has given me!